National Toxicology Program

Alternative Ocular Safety Testing References: Key General References

• CPSC Illustrated Guide for Grading Eye Irritation Caused by Hazardous Substances
• Draize J, Woodard G, Calvery H. 1944. Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 82:377-390.
• EPA. 1998. Health Effects Test Guideline, OPPTS 870.2400 Acute Eye Irritation. EPA 712- C-98-195. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC.
• ICCVAM. 1997. Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of Toxicological Test Methods: A Report of the ad hoc Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods. NIH Publication No.: 97-3981. Research Triangle Park:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
• ICCVAM. 2003. ICCVAM Guidelines for the Nomination and Submission of New, Revised, and Alternative Test Methods. NIH Publication No: 03-4508. Research Triangle Park:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
• ICCVAM. 2006. Current Status of In Vitro Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method. Vol. 1/2. NIH Publication No. 06-4512. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
• ICCVAM. 2006. Current Status of In Vitro Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method. Vol. 2/2. NIH Publication No. 06-4512. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
• ICCVAM. 2006. Current Status of In Vitro Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants: Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method. NIH Publication No. 06-4513. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
• ICCVAM. 2006. Current Status of In Vitro Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants: Isolated Rabbit Eye Test Method. NIH Publication No. 06-4514. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
• ICCVAM. 2006. Current Status of In Vitro Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants: Hen's Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane Test Method. NIH Publication No. 06-4515. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
• ICCVAM. 2006. ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Report: In Vitro Ocular Toxicity Methods for Identifying Severe Irritants and Corrosives. NIH Publication No: 07-4517. Research Triangle Park:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
• National Research Council (NRC). 2009. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals: A Report of the NRC Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals (Available http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12526.html).
• OECD. 2002. Test guideline 405. Acute eye irritation/corrosion, adopted April 24, 2002. In: OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. OECD, Paris.
• Spielmann H et al. 1996. Results of a Validation Study in Germany on Two In Vitro Alternatives to the Draize Eye Irritation Test, the HET-CAM Test and the 3T3 NRU Cytotoxicity Test. ATLA 24:741-858.
• UN. 2007. Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). New York & Geneva:United Nations Publications.
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